Shiner, who will assume the role in April, returned to the UK last year following three years as chief executive of the Tertiary Education Commission in New Zealand.
She was previously director general of the Lifelong Learning Directorate in what was the Department for Education and Skills.
She said: "This role builds on my work in education, but it is impossible to consider a young person's needs without understanding the whole person."
Fiona Blacke, NYA chief executive, said: "Janice is passionate about young people and her experience will be crucial in helping The NYA navigate through complex policy."
Shiner replaces former chair Bishop Roger Sainsbury, who retired in 2008.
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