Fiona Hyslop said the programme would see the number of pupils in poor quality school buildings cut by one-third.
She said: "We are committed to lifting 100,000 school pupils out of tired and crumbling school buildings and classrooms and providing them with cutting-edge accommodation and facilities in which to continue their 21st century education."
Earlier this year, Audit Scotland published a report which recommended the Scottish Government review its school estate strategy and set specific targets to make sure progress can be properly reviewed.
It also said the government needed a financial strategy to achieve its aims for schools, and future school design should strike a good balance of comfort for those using the buildings and environmental sustainability.
Hyslop said: "While the report highlights that progress has been made in improving the school estate, it also brings into focus that this government has inherited an estate which is not yet in good enough shape.
"We expect 250 schools to be built, funded or under construction through various funding mechanisms during the life of this parliament."
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