Wilson, who regained his Reading East seat at last week's general election, will be responsible for the National Citizen Service and youth policy, as well as social action and the "Big Society" agenda.
Speaking on his ministerial Twitter account, Wilson said he was "absolutely delighted" to be reappointed.
Organisations including Step Up To Serve and Youth United have also taken to Twitter to congratulate the minister.
Jon Boagey, acting chief executive of the National Youth Agency, said: "We welcome the reappointment of Rob Wilson.
"We hope he will use his knowledge and experience from last term to champion the crucial role youth policy plays in the lives of young people.
"The minister needs to fly the flag for young people at a time when budgets will be under more pressure than ever before."
Elsewhere, Andrew Selous has been reappointed as minister for prisons, probation and rehabilitation, and will continue to have responsibility for youth justice.
