The study, which examined the GCSE results of 555,000 pupils in 2006, found that bright young people from poor schools got on average half a GCSE grade less than equally intelligent pupils from more affluent schools.
This is down to a number of factors, including the so-called "peer effect", which means pupils benefit from being educated alongside other able, affluent pupils.
Able pupils from deprived schools were also ten times more likely to take vocational qualifications than those in better-off schools.
Lee Elliot Major, research director at the Sutton Trust, said schools with the most deprived pupils need support to boost achievement.
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