Called Not the End of the Story, the report surveyed teenage mothers and found that many felt they had been unofficially excluded from school by having a child at a young age.
This left many abandoning career aspirations and resigning themselves to a low-income lifestyle.
Some of those surveyed say schools encouraged them to leave "on spurious health and safety grounds", despite never formally excluding them.
Lack of childcare and support in accessing benefits were other barriers highlighted.
Dr Jane Evans, Barnardo's research and policy officer and report author, said: "The 20,000 girls and young women under 18 who become mothers each year include some of the most vulnerable and isolated in society.
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